Pioneer Settlement (Paperback) - Paperback

PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE ASIATIC TROPICS PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE ASIATIC TROPICS Studies in Land Utilization and Agricultural Colonization in Southeastern Asia KARL J. PELZER The Johns Hopkins University INTERNATIONAL SECRETARIAT INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS Publications Office I EAST 54TH STREET, NEW YORK CONTENTS FOREWORD, by Owen Lattimore xiii AUTHORS PREFACE xvii Parti Land Use Chapter I. FROM HUNTING AND GATHERING TO AGRICULTURE 3 Hunting and Gathering 3 Primitive and Advanced Agriculture 4 Rice, the Basis of the Agricultural Economy of Monsoon Asia 9 Culture, Types of Land Use, and Population Pressure ... 13 II. THE SHIFTING CULTIVATOR 1 6 The Effect of Shifting Cultivation on the Land 18 Conflicting Views on the Merits of Shifting Cultivation . . 21 Supplementing Shifting Cultivation with Cash Crops in the Netherlands Indies 24 The Areal Extent of Shifting Cultivation in Southeastern Asia 27 Methods of Eliminating the Undesirable Effects of Shifting Cultivation 29 III. THE SEDENTARY CULTIVATOR 43 The Garden Plot 43 Wet Fields 47 Dry Fields 66 Part II Agricultural Colonization in the Philippines and the Netherlands Indies IV. LANDLESS FILIPINOS 8 1 The Population Problem in Southeastern Asia 8 1 Density and Distribution of Population in the Philippines . 8 1 Economic Conditions 85 Historical Development of Land Tenure 88 Land Tenure Conditions at the Outbreak of War in the Pacific 9 1 Public Land policy 104 V. MINDANAO, THE FRONTIER 127 Government-sponsored Agricultural Colonization Prior to the Establishment of the Commonwealth 127 The Commonwealth Opens Mindanao 135 The Organization of the National Land Settlement Adminis tration 138 viii CONTENTS Settlements in theKoronadal Valley 141 Expenditures of the National Land Settlement Administration 1 54 Summary and Appraisal of the Work of the National Land Settlement Administration 155 VI. OVERCROWDED JAVA l6o The Growth of Population 160 y Densities of Population 162 Effects of Overpopulation 165 The Parcelling of the Land 1 66 Landless Agricultural Laborers 167 Tenancy 168 The Leasing of Land to Sugar Plantations 172 Efforts to Relieve Population Pressure 174 VII. THE LAND BEYOND 185 The Outer Islands as Outlets for Javas Surplus Population . 185 Persons of Java Ancestry in the Outer Islands as Enumerated in the Census of 1930 189 Agricultural Colonization during the Experimental Period, 1905-1931 191 y Large-scale Colonization, 1932-1941 201 Summary and Appraisal of the Colonization Work of the Netherlands Indies Government 227 VIII. CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE 232 APPENDIXES A. Supplementary Notes on the Work of the National Land Settle ment Administration 243 B. Supplementary Notes on the Work of the Commission for Mi gration and Colonization 249 C. Statistical Tables 253 LIST OF REFERENCES CITED 269 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF REFERENCES 278 INDEX 281 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page i A. Orientation Map of Southeastern Asia 10 iB. Population Density in Southeastern Asia 1 1 2. Sakai Ladangs 26 3. Small Ladangs in the Forest, Kedah, Malaya 26 4-45. Photographs Illustrating Shifting Cultivation 35 42 46. Irrigation Systems of the Mae Nam Chao Phraya Plain, Thailand ... 61 47. Provinces of the Commonwealth of the Philippines 82 48. Density of Population in the Philippines 83 49. Percentage of Cultivated Land Farmed by Tenants in the Philippines . . 87 50-78. Photographs Illustrating SedentaryCultivation 115-119 79-1 14. Photographs Illustrating the Koronadal Valley National Land Settlement Project 120-126 115. Mindanao Distribution of Population 128 1 1 6. Mindanao Agricultural Topography 130,131 117. Plan of the Townsite of Peidu Pulangi, Cotabato 133 1 1 8. Roads in Mindanao 136 1 19. Sketch Map of Koronadal Valley National Land Settlement Project . . 144 1 20. Java Relief 163 121. Java Residences, Towns, etc 163 122. Java and Madura, Bali and Lombok, and Southern Sumatra Chief Ad ministrative Divisions 170, 171 23-161...